CONTAINER, SOIL MIXING AND PLANT DEVELOPMENT METHOD

专利摘要:
abstract "container, soil mix and method of plant development". The present invention relates to containers having air circulation holes having dimensions configured for the germination and / or development of citrus plants, including citrus rootstocks, as well as other plants. said container may have a width of about 2.54 cm to 3.17 cm and a depth of about 12.7 cm to 17.78 cm. another said container may have a width of about 10.2 cm to 15.2 cm and a depth of about 30.5 cm to 35.6 cm. Soil mixtures containing about 30% 30% coconut nut, about 30% cypress bark sawdust, 40% peat bog and various additives configured for use in germination and / or development of citrus and other plants can be used in connection with the containers or independently of the containers. 21608445v1 1/1 21608445v1
公开号:BR112014015347B1
申请号:R112014015347-7
申请日:2012-12-21
公开日:2019-05-21
发明作者:James H. Keithly
申请人:Tropicana Products, Inc.；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

Cross Reference to Related Order [001] This order claims priority to and benefits from US Provisional Order No. 61 / 579,938, filed on December 23, 2011, whose order is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and is part of the this application.
Technical Field [002] The present invention relates in general to a container and soil mixtures for the growth of plants and methods of using them, and in a more specific modality, to germinate and / or develop rootstocks of grafting citrus and other citrus seedlings.
Background [003] Growers and plant breeders can realize a great benefit from the technologies that improve the coefficient and / or the type of plant development with which they work. Creators of citrus rootstocks, for example, look for technologies that enhance root development, for example, by increasing the root development coefficient, improving root density, increasing main root length, increasing root development secondary, avoid fungi and other diseases or parasites, etc. In addition, interests in achieving improved root development are often balanced against interests in order to minimize development space in order to allow a large number of plants to be developed in a particular space, as well as in relation to the costs of production. Therefore, technologies that can achieve improved root development and / or minimize development space can be extremely beneficial for the development industry.
2/58 development of citrus rootstocks, as well as for other areas of the citrus industry and other types of plant development industries. Additionally, labor costs can constitute up to 80-85% of the costs of citrus nurseries, and thus reducing the time in the nursery by increasing the development coefficient can be extremely cost effective and advantageous. Some of the aforementioned advantages and benefits can be achieved by using development containers that have specific structural characteristics or other characteristics that can enhance development. Some of the aforementioned advantages and benefits can be additionally or alternatively achieved by using a soil having an improved mixture or formulation.
Brief Summary [004] The present invention generally relates to a container and soil medium for use in germinating and / or growing citrus or other plants. Aspects of the present invention relate to a container that includes a side wall portion that defines an internal cavity having an outermost peripheral dimension, the top portion having an opening that provides access to the cavity and the bottom portion, with a defined depth between the top portion and the bottom portion, the cavity configured to contain a soil medium and a plant growth in the soil medium, and a plurality of air circulation holes defined within the side wall portion and extending through from the side wall portion, the air circulation holes being dispersed through the side wall portion. The outermost peripheral dimension of the side wall portion has a width of about 2.54 cm to 3.17 cm (1.0 to 1.25 inch) and the depth is about 12.17 cm to 17.8 cm (5.0 to 7.0 inches). At least some of the air circulation holes may be circular. Additionally, a method can be used in conjunction
3/58 connection with said container, which includes arranging a soil medium within the container cavity and arranging the seed within the soil medium, where the seed germinates to produce a plant development in the soil medium.
[005] According to one aspect, the side wall portion is at least partially tapered and the width of the cavity reduced from the top portion towards the bottom portion, and the container is configured to contain the seed for germination for create the plant.
[006] According to another aspect, the side wall portion has a width to depth ratio of approximately 0.18, based on the width of the outermost peripheral dimension.
[007] According to an additional aspect, the bottom portion of the side wall portion is opened, and a number of air circulation holes are located around the bottom portion.
[008] Additional aspects of the present invention refer to a set that includes a tray and a plurality of containers as described above connected to and supported by the tray, each container contains a soil medium and a plant development in the soil medium at least partially within the cavity.
[009] Additional aspects of the present invention refer to a container that includes a side wall portion that defines an internal cavity having an outermost outer dimension, a top portion having an opening that provides access to the cavity and the bottom portion , with the depth defined between the top portion and the bottom portion, the cavity configured to contain a soil medium and a plant development in the soil medium, and the plurality of air circulation holes defined within the wall portion side and extending through the side wall portion, the air circulation holes being dispersed through the wall portion
Lateral 4/58. The outermost peripheral dimension of the side wall portion is about 10.16 cm to 15.24 cm (4.0 to 6.0 inches) wide and the depth is about 30.48 cm to 35.56 cm (12.0 inches to
35.56 cm (14.0 inches)). In addition, a method can be used in connection with said container, which includes arranging a soil medium within the container cavity and transplanting the plant into the container, so that the plant root is at least partially within the soil medium , and the plant is supported by the soil medium [0010] According to one aspect, the side wall portion additionally includes the plurality of tubular structures extending outwardly from the side wall portion, each tubular structure defining one of the holes of air circulation through it. The side wall portion may also include a plurality of projections extending inwardly extending into the cavity, the projections being located between the tubular structures.
[0011] According to another aspect, the side wall portion is cylindrical in shape and the bottom portion of the side wall portion is open. In one embodiment, the depth of the side wall portion is 35.36 cm (14.0 inches) and the width of the side wall portion is 15.24 cm (6.0 inches). In addition, the side wall portion may have a width to depth ratio of approximately 0.43, based on the width of the outermost peripheral dimension.
[0012] Still further aspects of the present invention relate to mixtures of soil or medium that can be used in connection with, or independently of, the containers as described above. Said soil medium includes about 40% peat, about 30% coconut nut, and about 30% cypress bark sawdust and one or more of the additives below, with each additive having a range of + / 10% of the quantities listed:
5/58 [0013] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of dolomite limestone per finished yard;
[0014] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gypsum per finished yard;
[0015] 1.8 kg (4 pounds) of micronutrients per finished yard;
[0016] 8.4 kg (18.5 pounds) of humic acid per finished yard; and [0017] 4.5 kg (10 pounds) of slow release NPK supplement per finished yard.
[0018] Another referred soil medium includes about 30% peat bog, about 20% coconut nut, about 20% cypress bark chips, and about 20% cypress bark sawdust, and about 10% perlite and one or more of the following additives, with each additive having a range of +/- 10% of the quantities listed:
[0019] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of dolomite limestone per finished yard;
[0020] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gypsum per finished yard;
[0021] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gross grade limestone per finished yard;
[0022] 1.8 kg (4 pounds) of micronutrients per finished yard;
[0023] 8.4 kg (18.5 pounds) of humic acid per finished yard; and [0024] 9.1 kg (20 pounds) of slow release NPK supplement per finished yard.
[0025] Other aspects of the present invention relate to a set that includes one of the containers as described above, one of the soil medium as described above at least partially filling the cavity, and a plant development in the soil medium.
[0026] Still other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following specification taken in conjunction with the following drawings.
Description of the Drawings [0027] To allow a complete understanding of the present invention, they will now be described by way of example, with reference to the attached drawings in which:
6/58 [0028] FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of the top portion of an embodiment of a container according to the present invention, supporting a plant development in the soil;
[0029] FIGURE 2 is a perspective view of the bottom portion of the container of FIGURE 1;
[0030] FIGURE 3 is a perspective view of the top portion of a container assembly including the tray supporting the plurality of containers as shown in FIGURE 1;
[0031] FIGURE 4 is a perspective view of the top portion of another embodiment of a container according to the present invention;
[0032] FIGURE 5 is a perspective view of the top portion of the container of FIGURE 4, supporting a plant development in the soil;
[0033] FIGURE 6 is a perspective view of the bottom portion of the container of FIGURE 4;
[0034] FIGURE 7 is a perspective view of the top portion of another embodiment of a container according to the present invention, supporting a plant development in the soil;
[0035] FIGURES 8 - 11 are photographs of the plurality of citrus seedlings developed from germination in different combinations of containers and soil medium, according to Example 1 described below;
[0036] FIGURES 12 - 15 are photographs of the plurality of citrus seedlings transplanted and developed in different combinations of containers and soil medium, according to Example 2 described below;
[0037] FIGURES 16 - 17 are photographs of the plurality of citrus seedlings transplanted and developed in different containers and soil medium, according to the Secondary Study portion of
7/58
Example 2 described below; and [0038] FIGURES 18 - 19 are photographs of citrus seedlings grown in different containers and soil medium, according to Example 3 described below.
Detailed Description [0039] In general, aspects of the present invention are usable in connection with the production of citrus plants, such as any of a variety of oranges, grapefruit, lemons, limes, tangerines, pomelos, and other citrus and hybrid fruits of these fruits, however some or all of the aspects described below may be usable in connection with the production of other types of plants. For example, aspects of the present invention may be usable in connection with the production of any type of tree, including any fruit or nut trees, such as (without limitation) apple, cashew and coconut trees, as well as other types of trees. Aspects of the present invention may additionally be usable in connection with the production of various other types of plants, including fruit, nut, seed, flowering, ornamental, vegetables, and other types of plants. It is understood that some aspects and characteristics can be modified to adapt to the production of said other types of plants. Said plant production can include seedling germination and development until it is ready to transplant or beyond. Some aspects can be beneficial in the creation of strong and dense root systems in citrus and other plants, which can provide particular advantages for the production of rootstocks.
[0040] Aspects of the present invention refer to a container that are usable for the germination of seedlings and / or development of citrus plants and other types of plants. In general, the container has a wall portion or wall portions that define a chamber
8/58 of development, where at least a portion of the wall portion (s) contains air circulation holes. One embodiment of said container 10 is illustrated in FIGURES 1-2. In said embodiment, the container 10 includes a side wall portion 11 and a bottom portion 12 defining the cavity 13 configured to contain and support the soil 14 and the plant 15 developing in the soil 14, and an open top portion 16 for allow access to the cavity and development space for the plant 15. As shown in FIGURE 1, the top portion 16 is completely open, but can be at least partially covered in another embodiment. In the embodiment shown, the side wall portion 11 is conical in shape, and the bottom portion 12 is formed by the point of the conical side wall portion 11. Additionally, in the embodiment shown, the container 10 has a top portion 16 with a width (e.g., diameter) that is 1.25 inches and has an overall depth from the top portion 16 to the bottom portion 12 that is 7.0 inches. Viewed in another way, the width-to-depth ratio of container 10 (using the outermost peripheral dimension of cavity 13 as the width) is approximately 0.18. In another embodiment, the container may have a width of the top portion of 1.0 - 3.17 cm (1.25) and a height of 5.0 to 7.0, and may have a width to depth ratio that is approximately 0.14 to 0.25. In other embodiments, the side wall portion may have a different shape, such as a circular cylindrical, square cylindrical side wall portion, or another cylindrical, pyramidal side wall portion, or a partially conical or partially pyramidal side wall portion having a flat bottom portion, and / or may be of a different size. For example, in other embodiments, the width, depth, and / or width-to-depth ratio of container 10 can vary by 5%, 10%, or 20%.
[0041] As shown in FIGURES 1-2, container 10 has ori
9/58 air circulation holes 17 located in the side wall portion 11 and the bottom portion 12. In said embodiment, the holes 17 are distributed or dispersed relatively evenly through the side wall portion 11, and can be distributed in one identifiable standard. In said embodiment, the holes 17 have constant diameters of 3/8 inch or approximately 3/8 inch, but may have other sizes in other embodiments. In addition, the holes 17 can be located around the bottom portion 12 of the container 10, together with a single hole 17 at the lowest point of the bottom portion 12 (i.e., the tip of the container 10). In another embodiment, where the container 10 has a flat wall portion of the bottom portion (not shown), the wall portion of the bottom portion may also have multiple air circulation holes 17. In an additional embodiment, only the portions of the side wall portion 11 may have holes 17 therein. The holes 17 illustrated in FIGURES 1-2 are of circular openings extending directly through the side wall portion 11, however in another embodiment, the holes 17 may be in the form of elongated passages formed by tubular structures of the side wall portion, similar to the container 30 shown in FIGURES 4-6.
[0042] Container 10 can also be formed as part of a container assembly 20 that includes a plurality of containers 10 connected to tray 21, as shown in FIGURE 3. Tray 21 generally has a flat and / or support surface smooth 22 that supports containers 10 to allow a number of containers 10 to be manipulated and moved together, and support leg portions 23 connected to the support surface 22. In the embodiment shown, tray 21 has a plurality of openings 24 that it receives the containers 10 and supports the containers 10, such as by interference fit and / or complementary coupling structures (e.g.
10/58 das, flanges, grooves, etc.). Therefore, containers 10 are removably connected to tray 21. In another embodiment, tray 21 and containers 10 can be permanently connected, such as being formed of a single and / or integral piece, or being connected by adhesive or another permanent bonding technique. In an additional embodiment, the containers 10 can be removably connected to the tray 21 by a fastener or a plug-in or interlock connection. Additionally, in the embodiment shown, tray 21 supports a plurality of identical containers 10 arranged in an evenly spaced grid structure. In another embodiment, tray 21 can support the containers in a staggered pattern with rows having different numbers of cells. The arrangement, size and other characteristics of the set 20 can be changed in other ways.
[0043] Container 10 and set 20 can be used in the germination of plant seedlings, such as citrus seedlings, and in the development of seedlings until they are suitable for transplanting to a larger container, such as container 30 shown in FIGURES 4-6. Methods of use for container 10 and set 20, including examples of said use, are described below.
[0044] Additional aspects of the present invention refer to a container that is usable to support the development of citrus plants and other types of plants. In general, the container has a wall portion or wall portions that define a development chamber, where at least a portion of the wall portion (s) contains air circulation holes. One embodiment of said container 30 is illustrated in FIGURES 4-6. In said embodiment, the container 30 includes a side wall portion 31 and a wall portion of the bottom portion 32 that define the cavity 33 configured to contain and support the soil 34 and the plant 35 unfolds
11/58 revolving in the soil 34, and an open top portion 36 to allow access to the cavity and development space for the plant 35. As shown in FIGURES 4-5, the top portion 36 is completely open, but can be at least less partially covered in another modality. In the embodiment shown, the side wall portion 31 is cylindrical in shape, with the flat wall portion of the bottom portion 32. Additionally, in the embodiment shown, the container 30 has a top portion 36 with the width (e.g., diameter ) which is 10.16 cm (4.0 inches), and has the total depth from the top portion 36 to the bottom portion 32 which is 35.56 cm (14.0 inches). In said embodiment, the container 30 has a uniform cross section, and therefore, the top portion 36 of the container has a width equal to the outermost or widest peripheral dimension (in this case, the diameter) of the container 30. Thus, the width-to-depth ratio of container 30 is approximately 0.28, using the outermost peripheral dimension of cavity 33 as the width, and the volume is approximately 176 cubic inches. In another embodiment (not shown), the width of the top portion 36 of the container 30 is 6.0 inches (equal to the outermost peripheral dimension of the container 30) and the depth is 35.56 cm (14.0 inches), with the width to depth ratio of 0.43 and an approximate volume of 396 cubic inches will contain at least one gallon of material. In an additional embodiment, the container 30 has a top portion 36 with a width of 10.16 cm to 15.24 cm (4.0 to 6.0) and a depth of 30.48 cm to 35.56 cm ( 12.0 to 14.0), which can result in a width to depth ratio of 0.28 to 0.50, and can have a volume that is approximately one gallon. Still in additional embodiments, the side wall portion may have a different shape, such as a square cylindrical portion or another cylindrical side wall portion, a conical side wall portion or pyre
12/58 midal, or a portion of partially conical or partially pyramidal side wall having a flat bottom portion, and / or may be of a different size. For example, in other embodiments, the width, depth, and / or the width-to-depth ratio of the container 30 can vary by 5%, 10%, or 20%.
[0045] As shown in FIGURES 4-6, the container 30 has air circulation holes 37 located in the side wall portion
31. In said embodiment, the holes 37 are distributed relatively evenly through the side wall portion 31, and can be distributed in an identifiable pattern. The holes 37 are formed by a plurality of tubular structures 38 that protrude outwardly from the side wall portions 31 of the container 30. In said embodiment, the holes 37 have diameters of 5 mm or approximately 5 mm at the outermost ends of the tubular structures 38, with the tapered width to become narrower from the cavity 33 outwards. The side wall portion 31 also has internal projections 39 that project into the cavity 33 and are located in spaces between the holes 37. The shapes of the tubular structures 38, the holes 37, and the projections 39 encourage the roots of the plant 35 growing through the holes 37 towards the outside of the container 30. Holes 37 are also located in the wall portion of the bottom portion 32 of the container 30, in the form of slits / openings. In another embodiment, where the container 30 has a conical shape with a pointed bottom portion, the air circulation holes 37 can be located around the bottom portion. In an additional embodiment, only the portions of the side wall portion 31 may have holes 37 therein. In another embodiment, the holes 37 can all be in the form of openings extending directly through the side wall portion 31, similar to the container 10 shown in FIGURES 1-2.
13/58 [0046] In one embodiment, container 30 can be used in the development of plant seedlings, such as citrus seedlings, after they have been transplanted from a smaller container such as container 10 described above and shown in FIGURES 1-2. Container 30 can be used until the seedling has developed to a size suitable for transplanting into a larger container or for grafting for use as rootstock. In other embodiments, the container 30 can be used for a different purpose. Methods of use for container 30, including examples of said use, are described below.
[0047] FIGURE 7 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a container 40 that is usable to support the development of citrus plants and other types of plants. Similar to the container 30 described above and shown in FIGURES 4-6, the container 40 includes a side wall portion 41 and a wall portion of the bottom portion 42 that define the cavity 43 configured to contain and support the soil 44 and the plant 45 developing on the soil 44, and an open top portion 46 to allow access to the cavity and a development space for the plant 45. In said embodiment, the container 40 is substantially square in cross section, and the side wall portion has a tapered cylindrical shape that slopes inwardly from the top portion 46 to the flat wall portion of the bottom portion 42, which can also be referred to as a partially pyramidal shape. Additionally, in the embodiment shown, the top portion 46 of the container 40 has a width (edge length) that is 10.16 cm (4.0 inches), and has an overall depth from the top portion 46 to the portion bottom 42 which is 35.56 cm (14.0 inches), with an approximate volume of one gallon. The container 40 includes air circulation holes 47 in the side wall portion 41, in the form of elongated slits that are cut into the
14/58 side wall portion 41. The wall portion of the bottom portion 42 may also contain one or more air circulation holes (not shown). In other embodiments, the holes 47 may take a different shape, including other shapes described here. It is understood that container 40 can be used for similar purposes and in similar methods of use as container 30 of FIGURES 4-6, and that any characteristics or variations of container 30 (or other modalities thereof) described above can be included in the container 40 shown in FIGURE 7.
[0048] Additional aspects of the present invention refer to mixtures or soil formulations that can be used in connection with the development of citrus plants or other types of plants, including citrus seedlings in one example. As used here, the term soil generally refers to any material that is designed for, or otherwise capable of being used in, that provides a means for plant growth, such as by supporting plant roots and providing the roots with access to moisture and nutrients. It is understood that different soil mixes can be used for different stages of the development process, for example, a first soil mix can be used for germination and early seedling development, and a second soil mix can be used for further development after transplantation.
[0049] In one embodiment, the mixture of soil A may include approximately: 40% peat (for example, Canadian peat), 30% coconut nut, and 30% cypress bark sawdust. Soil additives can include one or more of the following:
[0050] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of dolomite limestone per finished yard [0051] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gypsum per finished yard [0052] 1.8 kg (4 pounds) of micronutrients per finished yard [0053] 8.4 kg (18.5 pounds) of humic acid (for example, HuMaxx)
15/58 per finished yard [0054] 4.5 kg (10 pounds) of nitrogen-phosphoropotassium supplement (NPK) (for example, 15-6-12 Polyon 270 days of NPK +) per finished yard.
[0055] In one embodiment, soil mix A includes all of the above additives in the approximate listed quantities. Additionally, the mixture of soil A may include variations in soil composition and / or additive amounts of up to 5% of the nominal values in one modality, up to 10% in another modality, and up to 20% in an additional modality. Mixing soil A, including the different modalities and variations described above, can be advantageous for use as a medium for seed germination and early development, as well as for long-term development (for example, after transplanting to a larger pot) . Mixing soil A can also be advantageous for other purposes.
[0056] In another embodiment, soil mix B may include approximately: 30% peat (eg Canadian peat), 20% coconut nut, 20% cypress bark chips, and 20% sawdust. cypress bark, and 10% perlite. Soil additives can include one or more of the following:
[0057] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of dolomite limestone per finished yard [0058] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gypsum per finished yard [0059] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gross grade limestone (eg Ohio dolomite limestone) per finished yard [0060] 1.8 kg (4 pounds) of micronutrients per finished yard [0061] 8.4 kg (18.5 pounds) of humic acid (for example, HuMaxx) per finished yard [0062] 9.1 kg (20 pounds) of NPK supplement (eg 15-6-
Polyon 450 NPK + day) per finished yard.
[0063] In one embodiment, soil mix B includes all
16/58 above additives in approximate listed quantities. In addition, soil mixture B may include variations in soil composition and / or additive amounts of up to 5% of nominal values in one modality, up to 10% in another modality, and up to 20% in an additional modality. Mixing soil B, including the different modalities and variations described above, can be advantageous for use as a medium for long-term development (for example, after transplantation), and can also be advantageous for germination and initial development or other purposes also.
[0064] The peat component of soil mixtures provides an effective soil base for root development, and can provide a crosslinking matrix to support the root system.
[0065] The coconut nut component of soil mixtures can also provide a crosslinking matrix to support the root system. Additionally, coconut nut can absorb a significant amount of water and resist cracking and compacting. Additionally, the texture of the coconut nut can help in creating a flexible braned soil that does not significantly halt the growth below the main root. In one embodiment, the coconut nut used in mixtures of soil A and / or B has a low sodium content and was washed before use. The said beneficial effects of using coconut nut were particularly unexpected and offer significant improvements in the length of the main root and overall root development.
[0066] The sawdust component and / or Cypress chips from soil mixtures can provide resistance to deterioration, decomposition, and breakage, compared to other types of sawdust and / or wood chips (such as pine). This, in turn, can also help prevent fungal contamination of the soil that can result from deterioration, decomposition, and breakage.
[0067] The perlite component of soil mixtures helps to reduce
17/58 soil compaction, facilitating root development. [0068] The micronutrient component of soil mixtures adds important nutrients to help promote plant root development.
[0069] The limestone component of soil mixtures (for example, dolomite and Ohio dolomite) is used to reduce acidity in the soil and adjust its pH. The limestone content used in soil mixtures can vary depending on the acidity of the soil mixture, and in one embodiment, the soil acidity can be tested before determining the limestone content that is added to the soil mixture. The content of added lime can vary by up to 20% or more, depending on the acidity. In one embodiment, limestone is added in sufficient quantities to adjust the pH of the soil mixture to approximately 6.5. The gypsum component of soil mixtures can likewise be used for pH adjustment.
[0070] The humic acid component of soil mixtures helps to prevent the development of fungi and microbes in the root system. Humic acid can also increase root development, and can help achieve clean and certain root development. Additionally, limestone and humic acid have been observed to act synergistically to facilitate nutrient uptake by plant roots. This synergistic effect was unexpected and is believed to significantly increase the development of the plant.
[0071] The NPK supplement component of soil mixtures provides essential nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for the roots. In one embodiment, the NPK supplement used is a slow-release NPK supplement, such as 15-6-12 Polyon 450 days of NPK + or 15-6-12 Polyon 270 days of NPK +. Additionally, in one embodiment, the NPK supplement is mixed in mixtures of soil A and B, rather than the application to the soil surface, which allows
18/58 make sure that the NPK supplement contacts the root tips and increases root development. The content of NPK supplement used in soil mixtures may vary depending on the composition of the soil mixture, and in one embodiment, the soil composition can be tested before determining the content of NPK supplement that is added to the soil mixture. The content of NPK supplement added can vary by up to 20% or more, depending on the composition of the soil. [0072] Aspects of the present invention also refer to methods of germinating and growing plants using containers and assemblies such as containers 10, 30, 40 and container set 20 described above and shown in FIGURES 1-7 and / or using mixtures of soil such as the mixtures of soil A and B described above. In one embodiment, a method of germinating and developing citrus seedlings or other plant seedlings uses a container 10 as shown in FIGURES 1-2, and includes planting the seed or seedling 15 in container 10 along with soil 14 that is contained in the cavity 13 of container 10. Seeds can be planted no more than 0.63 cm (0.25) under the surface in one embodiment. Soil 14 can be any effective soil, including mixtures of soil A and / or B described above. In one embodiment, the mixture of soil A is particularly advantageous for use in germinating and developing citrus seedlings using a container 10 as shown in FIGURES 1-2 or similar containers. A container set 20 as shown in FIGURE 3 can be used to plant a plurality of seeds or seedlings, as described above. Seedlings can typically be grown in pots of similar sizes to container 10 of FIGURES 1-2 for approximately 14 weeks before transplanting to another pot.
[0073] In another embodiment, a method of developing citrus seedlings or other plant seedlings uses a container 30 as shown in FIGURES 4-6 or a container 40 as shown in
19/58
FIGURE 7. In said modality, the method includes planting the seedling 35, 45 in the container 30, 40 together with the soil 34 which is contained in the cavity 33, 43 of the container 30, 40. The seedling 35, 45 can be transplanted from from another container, such as container 10 of FIGURES 1-2. Soil 34 can be any effective soil, including the mixtures of soil A or B described above. In one embodiment, both mixtures of soil A and B are advantageous for use in developing citrus seedlings over a long term using a container 30, 40 as shown in FIGURES 4-7 or similar containers.
[0074] Containers 10, 30, 40 of FIGURES 1-7 and soil mixes A and B described above can increase root development and quality, resist infection by fungi and microbes, and increase the growth coefficient of root and plant. For example, seedlings can typically be grown in pots that are comparable in size to containers 30, 40 in FIGURES 4-7 for about 90-120 days, however the use of containers 30, 40 along with mixtures of soil A or B can reduce that time considerably, such as to about 75-80 days. It is contemplated that the use of a combination of container 10, container 30 or 40, and mixtures of soil A and / or B as described above can reduce the total development time to graft by up to several months, for example, from 24 months to 18 months. It is also contemplated that the aforementioned combinations can accelerate the fruiting productivity in trees 2-5 years after planting. Plants developed using said containers 10, 30, 40 and mixtures of soil A and / or B can produce greater total root and mass development, including greater secondary root development. Plants developed using said containers 10, 30, 40 and mixtures of soil A and / or B can also produce greater development of the main root, including larger diameter and greater development down, which
20/58 in turn results in an even greater number of secondary roots and greater root mass.
[0075] It is understood that mixtures of soil A and B can be used to germinate and / or develop seedlings of citrus or other plants regardless of the containers described here. Said soil mixtures produce improved root development independently of containers 10, 30, 40 of FIGURES 1-7 as illustrated in the Examples below. Likewise, containers 10, 30, 40 of FIGURES 1-7 can produce improved root development independently of mixtures of soil A and B, as also illustrated in the Examples below.
Example 1: Germination and Initial Development [0076] Plant Material and Seed Germination: Seeds of Swinglee citrumelo rootstocks and USDA897 hybrid citranges were obtained by Phillip Rucks Citrus Nursery, Frostproof, FL, and represents commercial seed inventories. The seeds were planted in standard rootstock production greenhouses on April 29 in a variety of seed germination containers and soil mixtures, as described below. The greenhouse temperatures during seed germination varied from temperatures of 85-110 ° ³ during the day and 75-85 ° ³ at night, which are acceptable for the germination of citrus seeds. The relative humidity (%) during seed germination varied from 65-85%, which is normal for seed germination in the spring in greenhouse structures. Among all treatments, both Swingle and USDA897 rootstock seeds, showed approximately 93% germination, which is typical for seed lots. The official seed germination date was recorded as May 15, 2011.
[0077] Seed germination trays for rootstock and Potting medium: Used seed germination trays used:
[0078] Group I: Standard tray with cells that are 3.17 cm (1.25) x 12.7 cm (5) with the construction of a standard solid wall portion and a single hole base, manufactured by Stuewe & Sons, Tangent, OR;
[0079] Group II: Groove Tube tray having cells that are 2.25 x 5.5, with a solid side wall portion with root training grooves and an open bottom portion, manufactured by Stuewe &Sons;
[0080] Group III: Ray Leach Cone-tainer tray having cells that are 3.17 cm (1.25) x 7, with a solid side wall portion and air circulation holes in the base, manufactured by Stuewe &Sons; and [0081] Group IV: A set 20 with containers 10 described above and shown in FIGURES 1-3.
[0082] The trays described above were used in connection with different soil media. Group I used a mixture of standard citrus nursery soil containing 78% Canadian peat, 12% composted pine bark, and 10% perlite. Groups II-IV used the soil mixture corresponding to the soil mixture A described above:
[0083] 40% Canadian peatland;
[0084] 30% coconut nut;
[0085] 30% cypress bark sawdust;
[0086] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of dolomite limestone per finished yard;
[0087] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gypsum per finished yard;
[0088] 1.8 kg (4 pounds) of micronutrients per finished yard;
[0089] 8.4 kg (18.5 pounds) of humic acid HuMaxx per finished yard; and [0090] 4.5 kg (10 pounds) 15-6-12 Polyon 270 days of NPK + per finished yard.
22/58 [0091] In each treatment group, 200 seeds were planted to produce at least 175 seedlings for later transplantation into larger containers.
[0092] Cultivation of rootstock seedlings: all rootstocks were developed using standard greenhouse development conditions that included the following:
1) daytime temperatures ranged from 90 ° to 105Έ;
2) overnight temperatures ranged from 75 ° to 90 ° F;
3) the plants were developed under ambient photoperiod without accessory lighting to adjust the length of the day; and
4) the plants received 1600 to 1800 micro-Einstein m ^-2 sec ^-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) at the bench height.
[0093] The seedlings received not only superior irrigation, but also manual as needed in order to maintain adequate soil moisture at all times during the development of the plant. Every three days, the upper irrigation contained 100 ppm of micronutrients of NPK plus (GraCo Soluble Fertilizer Co., Cairo, GA). As needed, the seedlings were treated with commercial insecticide Imidocloprid and Ridomil fungicide to control insect pests and soil fungi, respectively.
[0094] Seedling collection and Biomass analysis: Within each seed germination treatment group, the Swingle and USDA897 seedlings were randomly chosen (N = 25) for biomass analysis and plant development on August 4, 2011 , or 97 days after planting and 81 days after germination. The seedlings were cut at the root and samples were taken from branches in the soil line. Branch diameters were determined at 5.08 cm (2 inches)
23/58 above ground level. The height of the branch was also determined for each seedling. Soil medium was manually removed from each root sample. For dry weight analysis, root and branch samples (N = 25) were randomly divided into Groups of five seedlings, replicated five times. The samples were dried at 50 ° C overnight at a constant dry weight prior to biomass determinations.
[0095] Data analysis: all plant biomass and plant development data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The separations between the treatment media were determined according to the Duncan Multiple Comparison Test (Duncan Multiples Range Test) at a 90% confidence level. The average values followed by the same letter are not statistically significant. Table I below illustrates the results of that analysis:
Table I
Group ID Dry root weight (g) Branch dry weight (g) Stem height (cm) Stem dia (mm) USDA 897 hybrid Citrange (average values, N = 25) Group I 0.20 to 0.58 a 15.6 to 1.66 a Group II 0.41 b 0.92 b 21.3 b 1.68 a Group III 0.38 b 0.78 ab 20.0 b 1.87 b Group IV 0.56 c 0.97 b 21.5 b 1.92 b Swingrange citrumelo hybrid citrange (average values, N = 25) Group I 0.44 a 1.18 a 22.1 ab 2.40 a Group II 0.55 ab 1.16 a 18.7 a 2.67 ab Group III 0.62 ab 1.24 ab 23.4 b 2.77 ab Group IV 0.77 b 1.42 b 23.9 b 2.98 b
[0096] Results: Combination of a mixture of soil A and pots with air circulation (Group IV) significantly increased the seedling development of both Swingle and rootstocks
24/58
USDA897. The strongest development of seedlings was observed using container 10 and set 20 in FIGURES 1-3 in combination with soil mix A. All development rates were significantly higher compared to the development of standard control seedlings. It is important to note that the air circulation ventilations 17 on the sides of the containers 10 resulted in a significantly improved root development in Group IV when compared to the root development in Groups I-
III. Seedling cells developed in Groups II and III also showed improved development compared to Group I cells, however, plant development in Groups II and III cells were statistically similar in general. This indicates that not only the structure of the container 10 but also the soil mix formulation A were both significant in producing stronger root development, including larger stem diameter, longer main root length, and greater root biomass in both Swingle and USDA897 rootstocks during the first 10 weeks of plant development. The root mass improvement was particularly great. The weight of the branch was also greater in Group IV than in the other Groups (I-III).
[0097] FIGURES 8-11 illustrate seedlings from the study. FIGURE 8 illustrates the USDA897 seedlings, showing from left to right: Group I, Group IV, Group III, and Group II. FIGURE 9 illustrates the Swingle seedlings, showing from left to right: Group I, Group IV, Group III, and Group II. FIGURE 10 illustrates the USDA897 seedlings, with the Group I seedling on the left side and the Group IV seedling on the right side. FIGURE 11 illustrates Swingle seedlings, with the Group I seedling on the left side and the Group IV seedling on the right side. These FIGURES illustrate significantly improved root development, including the length of the main root
25/58 pal, total root biomass, stem diameter, etc., which can be achieved using a container 10 as shown in FIGURES 1-2 and the mixture of soil A for germination and initial development of citrus seedlings.
[0098] Based on the said study, it is evident that the seedlings germinated and developed using a container 10 as shown in FIGURES 1-2 or the mixture of soil A can achieve improved root development with respect to other containers, soil mixtures , and combinations thereof, and that the combination of container 10 and soil mixture A can achieve even more improved root development.
Example 2: Long-term development [0099] Plant material: Kuharske hybrid citrange rootstock seedlings were developed at the facilities of Phil Rucks Citrus Nursery, Frostproof, FL. The seedlings were grown in standard 3.17 cm (1.25) x 12.7 cm (5) seed germination cells using a standard peat / shell / perlite seed germination medium. Kuharske seedlings were grown under greenhouse cover using standard greenhouse development conditions for seedlings, as described above. The seedlings were transplanted into the test pot / soil matrix approximately 14 weeks after seed germination. On the transplant date, May 20, 2011, the diameter of the stems at 4 inches above ground level ranged from 1.8 mm to 3.9 mm.
[00100] Pots and Medium of development: The seedlings were transplanted to the matrix of different pots and medium of soil. The pots included:
[00101] Standard Pot: 1.0 gallon round pot, 15.24 cm (6) in diameter, 24.13 cm (9.5) in height, with solid wall portion construction with root training grooves, base drainage
26/58 single hole, manufactured by Stuewe &Sons; and [00102] Pot with air circulation: The container 30 described above and shown in FIGURES 4-6, 10.16 cm (4) in diameter and
35.56 cm (14) high and 1.0 gallon in volume.
[00103] The said pots were used to form four groups of treatments. Each treatment group contained 25 repetitions. Each seedling was considered to be an experimental unit. Groups I and II used the Standard Pot, and Groups III and IV used the Pot with air circulation. Groups I and III used the standard citrus nursery soil mixture, containing 70% Canadian peat, 20% composted pine bark, and 10% perlite. Groups II and IV used the soil mixture corresponding to the soil mixture A described above:
[00104] 40% Canadian peatland;
[00105] 30% coconut nut;
[00106] 30% cypress bark sawdust;
[00107] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of dolomite limestone per finished yard;
[00108] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gypsum per finished yard;
[00109] 1.8 kg (4 pounds) of micronutrients per finished yard;
[00110] 8.4 kg (18.5 pounds) of humic acid HuMaxx per finished yard; and [00111] 4.5 kg (10 pounds) 15-6-12 Polyon 270 days of NPK + per finished yard.
[00112] Cultivation of rootstock seedlings: After transplanting into 1-gallon containers, Kuharske rootstocks were developed at the Phil Rucks Citrus Nursery, Frostproof, FL facility, using standard citrus nursery practices. The seedlings received not only superior but also manual irrigation to maintain adequate soil moisture at all times. Every three days, the upper irrigation contained 100 ppm micronutrients of NPK plus
27/58 (GraCo Soluble Fertilizer Co., Cairo Georgia). As needed, the seedlings were treated with commercial insecticide Imidocloprid and Ridomil fungicide to control insect pests and soil fungi, respectively.
[00113] Rootstock Collection and Biomass Analysis: At 76 days after transplantation, ten randomly selected rootstocks were collected from each treatment group. The rootstocks were cut at the root and the branch samples at the soil line. Stem diameters were measured 10.16 cm (4 inches) and 20.32 cm (8 inches) above the soil line using a hand gauge. The height of the branch was not determined since some of the rootstocks were cut before the developmental evaluation. For branch biomass analysis, a 30.48 cm (12 inch) section of stem was cut from each branch base. Soil medium was removed by hand from the root samples. Each root and stem sample (N = 10) was bagged separately and dried overnight at 50 ° C.
[00114] Data analysis: stem diameter and dry weight biomass data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Separations between treatment media were determined according to Duncan's multiple comparison test at a 90% confidence level. Average values followed by the same level are not statistically significant. Table II below illustrates the results of that analysis:
28/58
Table II
Group Treatment Stem diameter (mm) Dry root weight (g) Dry weight ofbranch(g) Bowl Ground 10.16 cm (4 inches) 20.32 cm (8 inches) I Pattern Pattern 5.04 ab 4.28 a 3.34 a 4.20 ab II Pattern Solo A 5.33 b 5.20 b 4.68 c 4.87 b III Air circulation Pattern 4.55 a 4.44 a 4.12 b 3.67 a IV Air circulation Solo A 5.26 b 4.85 ab 5.63 d 4.54 ab
[00115] Results: Kuharske's citrange rootstock shows the long-term development and productivity characteristics of the tree similar to that of the Carrizo vintage. In that study, Kuharske rootstock seedlings showed significantly improved root development in air circulation pots (container 30) filled with a mixture of soil A compared to all other matrix treatments. Additionally, the use of soil A mix independently of the air circulation pot (Group II), and the use of the air mix pot independently of the soil mix A (Group III) also produced improved root development with respect to control (Group I). This shows that the mixture of soil A or container 30 alone can provide substantially improved root development compared to standard Florida methods, and that the mixture of soil A and container 30 together can provide an improvement in root development even further. substantial and synergistic. The mixture of soil A is also shown to achieve improved measures of branch biomass and stem diameter. In both branch development indices, the mixture of soil A showed a stronger influence in relation to the
29/58 branch development when compared to the Pot with air circulation design.
[00116] The design and architecture of the pot were observed to have a significant impact on root development in one-gallon containers. In that study, air circulation pots showed improved root disposition through the soil matrix when compared to one-gallon pot patterns. Using the mixture of soil A, roots in the Standard Pots tended to circulate the base of the pots that formed a non-uniform distribution of the roots in the bottom portion of the pot (see FIGURE 15, right). The solid construction of the bottom portion of the Standard Pot with only small drainage holes appears to aggravate root circulation and entanglement. Entangled roots as shown in FIGURE 15 are typically cut when the tree is transplanted into the field, which can result in the loss of up to 40-50% of root mass when planting in the field. Additionally, transplanted trees with reduced root mass are typically slow to settle and may die due to post-transplant water stress. Root entanglement has also been observed to occur in commercially circulating air pots, as described below. In a different way, the development of the root in the pots with air circulation of 10.16 cm (4) x
35.56 cm (14) as shown in FIGURES 4-6 was evenly distributed across the soil matrix. Roots were circulated with air in the bottom portion of the pot which effectively prevented the circulation of the root at the base of the pot. In addition, the use of air circulation pots has encouraged the development of more numerous secondary roots, rather than longer circulated roots.
[00117] FIGURES 12-15 illustrate plans from the study. FIGURE 12 illustrates the Group I plants on the right side and the Group II plants on the left side, with their development pot in the
30/58 center. FIGURE 13 illustrates the Group III plants on the right side and the Group IV plants on the left side, with their development pot in the center. FIGURE 14 illustrates the plants of Group I on the far right side, the plants of Group II in the center on the right, the plants of Group III in the center on the left, and the plants of Group IV on the far left, with the respective pots development on the right and left sides. FIGURE 15 illustrates a Group II plant on the right side and a Group IV plant on the left side, in addition to their respective development pots. These FIGURES illustrate significantly improved root development, including main root length, total root biomass, etc., which can be achieved using a container 30 as shown in FIGURES 4-6 and soil mix A for the development of citrus seedlings.
[00118] Based on that study, it is evident that the seedlings developed using a container 30 as shown in FIGURES 46 and the mixture of soil A can achieve sufficient root development to be ready for grafting in as little as 76 days or less ( 75-80 days in one mode). This offers significant advantages over existing containers and soil medium, which typically requires 90-120 days to be ready for grafting. This significant benefit was unexpected, and can greatly increase efficiency in the production of citrus plants, through faster development. It is contemplated that the use of soil mixture B can produce results that are at least comparable to the results achieved by soil mixture B. The use of container 10 as shown in FIGURES 1-2 together with soil mixture A for germination and development before transplanting to container 30 it can additionally increase the production and development efficiency of the root.
31/58 [00119] Secondary study: A small number of larger containers corresponding to the structure of container 30 of FIGURES 46 was evaluated, having a diameter of 15.24 cm (6) and a height of
35.56 cm (14). Kuharske rootstocks showed excellent root development in the 15.24 cm (6) diameter containers when visually compared to the root development in the configuracaod and 10.16 cm (4) diameter pot. The results (biomass data from 15.24 cm (6) pots not shown) suggest that any pot can be used successfully to improve the development of rootstock lining when compared to standard Florida methods. The 15.24 cm (6) pot can mean economic items, since fewer pots can be arranged per square meter in each development installation, which in turn can reduce the economic returns per finished tree.
[00120] FIGURES 16-17 illustrate plans from the secondary study. FIGURE 16 illustrates a plant developed in the container 30 of FIGURES 4-6 and having 15.24 cm (6) in diameter and 35.56 cm (14) in height, developed in the mixture of soil A, together with its development vessel on the left side and the plant from Group IV together with its development vessel on the left. FIGURE 17 illustrates two plants developed in containers structured as the container 30 of FIGURES 4-6 and having 15.24 cm (6) in diameter and 35.56 cm (14) in height, together with their development containers, showing the plant grown in soil mixture A on the left side and plant grown in mixture of standard citrus nursery soil on the right side. These FIGURES illustrate that the results achieved with the 10.16 cm (4) x 35.56 cm (14) pot and the 15.24 cm (6) x 35.56 cm (14) pot are comparable. These FIGURES also illustrate the development
32/58 significantly improved root growth, including main root length, total root biomass, etc., which can be achieved using soil mix A for the development of citrus seedlings.
Example 3: Total development from Germination to Graft
Example 3a: Germination and Initial Development [00121] Plant Material and Seed Germination: two separate tests (1 and 2) were conducted using similar or identical development conditions. The rootstock seeds of Swingle Citrumelo, Citrange Kuharske, and Citrange hybrid USDA897 were independently originated from Phil Rucks Citrus Nursery, Frostproof, FL, (Test 1) and Rasnake Citrus Nursery, Winter Haven, FL, (Test 2) and represent inventories of commercial seeds from selections of commercial rootstocks. The seeds were planted in grafting greenhouses producing standard rootstocks in a variety of seed germination containers and soil mixtures, as described below. Development conditions of the plant in greenhouse culture were the same as described in Example 1 above. Germination of rootstock seed was approximately 90% through all treatments in both nursery sites and was considered typical for commercial production.
[00122] Seed germination trays for rootstock and Potting media: Seed germination trays used include:
[00123] Group I: Standard seed germination tray having cells that are 3.17 cm (1.25) x 12.7 cm (5) with the construction of a standard solid wall portion and a single hole base. Said tray was the same as that used in Example 1, Group I;
[00124] Group II: A set 20 with containers 10 described above 33/58 ma and shown in FIGURES 1-3.
[00125] The trays described above were used in connection with different soil media. Group I used a mixture of standard citrus nursery soil containing 78% Canadian peat, 12% composted pine bark, and 10% perlite. Group II used a soil mixture corresponding to soil mixture A described above:
[00126] 40% Canadian peatland;
[00127] 30% coconut nut;
[00128] 30% cypress bark sawdust;
[00129] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of dolomite limestone per finished yard;
[00130] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gypsum per finished yard;
[00131] 1.8 kg (4 pounds) of micronutrients per finished yard;
[00132] 8.4 kg (18.5 pounds) of humic acid HuMaxx per finished yard; and [00133] 4.5 kg (10 pounds) of 15-6-12 Polyon 270 days of NPK + per finished yard.
[00134] In each treatment group, seedlings were grown for 80 days (Test 1) and 96 days (Test 1) in seed and soil germination pots for later transplantation into larger containers.
[00135] Cultivation of rootstock seedlings: All rootstocks were developed using the standard greenhouse development conditions and the treatments were substantially the same as those described in Example 1 above. Irrigation of all test trees was applied by hand as necessary to maintain adequate soil moisture at all times.
[00136] Seedling collection and Biomass analysis: Within each seed germination treatment group, Swingle, Kuharske, and USDA897 the seedlings were randomly chosen (N = 25) for biomass analysis and plant development 96 days after The
34/58 germination (Test 1) and 80 days after germination (Test 2). The seedlings were cut at the root and samples were taken from branches in the soil line. The diameter of the branches was determined at 5 cm above ground level. The height of the branch was also determined for each seedling. The soil medium was removed manually from the root samples. For dry weight analysis, the root and branch samples (N = 25) were randomly divided into groups of five seedlings, replicated five times. The samples were dried at 50 ° C overnight at a constant dry weight prior to biomass determinations.
[00137] Data analysis: All biomass and plant development data were submitted to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The statistically significant separations between the means of treatment of seedlings were determined according to the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 95% confidence level and the Mann-Whitney test at a level> 95 % reliable. The average separations between the treatments of mature plants were determined according to the Two T Sample Test Method, at a 90% confidence level. The average values followed by the same letter are not statistically significant. Table III below illustrates the results of said analysis for Test 1, and Table IV below illustrates the results of said analysis for Test 2:
Table III
Group ID Dry root weight (g) Branch dry weight (g) Stem height (cm) Stem dia (mm) Swingrange citrumelo hybrid citrange (average values, N = 25) Group I 0.9 to 1.4 to 7.3 a 1.3 to Group II 1.6 b 2.9 b 13.6 b 2.0 b Citrange Kuharske (average values, N = 25) Group I 1.2 to 2.2 to 12.8 to 1.6 to Group II 1.9 b 3.5 b 17.4 b 1.9 b
35/58
Group ID Dry root weight (g) Branch dry weight (g) Stem height (cm) Stem dia (mm) USDA 897 hybrid Citrange (average values, N = 25) Group I 0.7 to 1.8 to 12.5 to 1.2 to Group II 1.3 b 3.8 b 21.1 b 1.9 b
Table IV
Group ID Dry root weight (g) Branch dry weight (g) Stem height (cm) Stem dia (mm) Swingrange citrumelo hybrid citrange (average values, N = 25) Group I 0.4 to 1.0 to 8.9 to 1.2 to Group II 1.2 b 2.6 b 17.1 b 2.1 b Citrange Kuharske (average values, N = 25) Group I 0.5 to 0.7 to 6.5 to 1.2 to Group II 0.7 b 1.5 b 13.5 b 1.7 b USDA 897 hybrid Citrange (average values, N = 25) Group I 0.3 to 0.6 to 6.1 to 1.0 to Group II 0.8 b 2.1 b 15.1 b 1.8 b
[00138] Results: Combination of the mixture of soil A and air circulation pots having an architecture as described above and shown in FIGURES 1-2 (Group II) significantly increased the development of the rootstock seedlings Swingle, Kuharske, and USDA897 . All development rates were significantly higher compared to the development of standard control seedlings. Through all rootstocks in both locations, the use of soil mix A and pots with air circulation in general doubled the plant production for Group II when compared to controls. It is important to note that the diameter of the stems of Group II was significantly larger compared to Group I, which effectively reduced the time required for the development of seedlings large enough to graft in selections of sweet orange shoots. Branch weight, stem height, and root development were also significantly higher in Group II
36/58 than in Group I.
[00139] Based on the aforementioned study, it is evident that the seedlings germinated and developed using a container 10 as shown in FIGURES 1-2 and the mixture of soil A can achieve an improved root development and plant development with respect to oturos containers, soil mixtures, and combinations thereof.
Example 3b: Long-term development [00140] Plant material: Swingle, Kuharske, and USDA897 rootstock seedlings from Tests 1 and 2 from Example 3a above were transplanted into the test pot / soil matrix approximately 96 days after germination (Test 1) and approximately 80 days after germination (Test 2).
[00141] Pots and Medium of development: The seedlings were transplanted to different pots and medium of soil. The pots included: [00142] Group IA (Test 1): Standard 1 gallon round commercial pot, 15.24 cm (6) in diameter, 25.4 cm (10) in height, with the construction of a solid wall portion with root training grooves, and single hole drainage base;
[00143] Group IB (Test 2): Standard commercial 1-gallon square pot, 10.16 cm (4) wide, 35.56 cm (14) high, with the construction of a solid wall portion with slots for training root, and single-hole drainage base;
[00144] Group II (Tests 1 and 2): The container 30 described above and shown in FIGURES 4-6, 10.16 cm (4) in diameter and
35.56 cm (14) high and a volume of 1.0 gallon.
[00145] Said pots were used to form four treatment groups, with two treatment groups for each test. Groups IA and IB used the standard citrus nursery soil mixture, containing 70% Canadian peat, 20% pine bark
37/58 composted, and 10% perlite. Group II used the soil mixture corresponding to the soil mixture A described above:
[00146] 40% Canadian peatland;
[00147] 30% coconut nut;
[00148] 30% of cypress bark sawdust;
[00149] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of dolomite limestone per finished yard;
[00150] 2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gypsum per finished yard;
[00151] 1.8 kg (4 pounds) of micronutrients per finished yard;
[00152] 8.4 kg (18.5 pounds) of humic acid HuMaxx per finished yard; and [00153] 4.5 kg (10 pounds) of 15-6-12 Polyon 270 days of NPK + per finished yard.
[00154] Cultivation of rootstock seedlings: After transplanting into one-gallon containers, the rootstocks were developed using standard citrus nursery practices, similar or identical to those described in Example 2 above.
[00155] Rootstock Collection and Biomass Analysis: In approximately 244 days after germination (Test 1) and 258 days after germination (Test 2), ten randomly selected rootstocks were collected from each treatment group . The rootstocks were cut at the root and samples were taken from branches in the soil line. The diameter of the stems was measured at the soil line and at the height of the bud bud bud, that is, approximately 15 cm above the soil line. Branch height, branch diameter, dry root weight, and dry branch weight were determined independently for each test plant. The plants were prepared for dry weight analysis as described in Example 3a above. Dry weights were recorded independently for each test sample, N = 10.
[00156] Data analysis: All biomass and deforestation data
38/58 plant development underwent Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Statistically significant separations between paired treatment media were determined according to the two-T test method, at a 90% confidence level. The paired media followed by the same letter are not significantly different. Table V below illustrates the results of that analysis for Test 1, and Table VI below illustrates the results of that analysis for Test 2:
Table V
Group ID Dry root weight (g) Branch dry weight (g) Stem diameter, ground level (mm) Stem diameter, soil + 15 cm (mm) Swingrange citrumelo hybrid citrange (average values, N = 25) Group I 4.14 a 7.58 a 7.60 a 5.85 a Group II 5.35 b 10.59 b 7.95 a 6.71 b Citrange Kuharske (average values, N = 25) Group IA 5.04 b 10.19 b 7.72 a 6.43 a Group II 8.73 c 12.15 c 8.03 a 7.59 b USDA 897 hybrid Citrange (average values, N = 25) Group IA 3.59 a 7.79 a 5.80 a 4.56 a Group II 5.47 c 12.68 c 6.39 b 5.59 b
Table VI
Group ID Dry root weight (g) Branch dry weight (g) Stem diameter, ground level (mm) Stem diameter, soil + 15 cm (mm) Swingrange citrumelo hybrid citrange (average values, N = 25) IB Group 4.39 a 11.09 a 6.02 a 5.43 a Group II 5.82 b 13.22 b 6.36 a 5.96 b Citrange Kuharske (average values, N = 25) IB Group 3.70 a 6.85 a 5.07 a 4.54 a
39/58
Group ID Dry root weight (g) Branch dry weight (g) Stem diameter, ground level (mm) Stem diameter, soil + 15 cm (mm) Group II 6.13 b 8.18 b 5.44 a 4.91 a USDA 897 hybrid Citrange (average values, N = 25) IB Group 3.00 to 7.96 a 5.35 a 4.85 a Group II 4.60 b 9.70 b 6.45 b 5.97 b
[00157] Results: Combination of the mixture of soil A and air circulation pots having architectures as described above and shown in FIGURES 4-6 (Group II) significantly increased the development of rootstocks by Swingle, Kuharske, and USDA897. Most of the development rates were significantly higher compared to the development of the control plant pattern (Groups IA and IB) for all types of samples. It is important to note that the air circulation ventilations 37 on the sides of the containers 30 in general resulted in significantly improved root development in Group II when compared to the root development in Groups IA and IB. Branch weight and stem diameter were also generally significantly higher in Group II than in Groups IA and IB. In addition, the improved stem development described above was observed to improve the efficiency of the budding operation.
[00158] FIGURES 18-19 illustrate plans from the study. FIGURE 18 illustrates USDA897 plants from Test 1, with Group IA on the right side and Group II plants on the left side. FIGURE 19 illustrates the Kuharske plants from Test 1, with Group IA on the right side and the Group II plants on the left. These FIGURES illustrate the significantly improved root development, including length of the main root, total root biomass, etc., as well as the stem diameter, which can be achieved u
40/58 using containers 10, 30 as described above and the mixture of soil A for the development of citrus seedlings.
[00159] Based on Examples 3a and 3b together, the development performance of the rootstocks in the two commercial nurseries showed that the use of pot architecture with air circulation as described above (for example, containers 10, 30), in combination with the soil medium as described above (for example, mixtures of soil A and / or B), can significantly increase rootstock development and stem development for a period of 8 months after seed germination. These results confirm the initial findings detailed in Examples 1 and 2 above and document the effect of using the air circulation pots and soil medium described above for the entire period of rootstock development from seed germination to time of grafting the tree. These results also indicate that the use of the air circulation pots and soil medium described above can reduce the time required to produce finished rootstocks that would improve the efficiency and economic viability of greenhouse nursery operations.
[00160] Additional Notes: The three test rootstocks were hybridized using a wide variety of citrus germplasm which includes Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis), Poncirus trifoliata, and Mandarin (Citrus reticulata). These four species represent a wide range of citrus germplasm. This indicates that the containers and soil mixtures discussed above would be applicable to nursery production of all commercial rootstocks used to propagate grafted citrus trees.
Example 4: Other commercial air circulation pots [00161] Commercial citrus tree production was observed to be significantly impacted by the height / width architecture of the air circulation containers 30 as shown in FIGURES 4-6,
41/58 compared to commercial air circulation pots. Air circulation pots with basically equal height / width dimensions are in general standard manufacture for the propagation of nursery tree. The air circulation pots with open bottom portion, having a height of 15.24 cm to 20.32 cm (6 to 8 inches) and a width of 15.24 cm to 30.48 cm (6 to 12 inches) were found to be unsuitable for the propagation of grafted citrus trees. The pots of these dimensions were observed to produce citrus rootstocks with short main roots that commercial nurseries would consider to be a production defect. In order to improve the architecture of the pot, the air-circulating container 30 as shown in FIGURES 4-6 and used in Examples 2 and 3b were manufactured to have a height of 35.56 cm (14 inches) and a width of 10 , 16 cm (4 inches) (round). Air circulation vessels having the said dimensions were observed to promote the development of the elongated main root with the accelerated development of the secondary root through the soil matrix (see, for example, FIGURE 15). These characteristics of root development mass are fundamental to promote the rapid and vigorous development of trees after transplanting to the field. [00162] Root entanglement can also present a problem in commercial air circulating pots, such as one-gallon pots from LaceBark Inc., (for example, US Patent No. 4,753,037) that have a shorter height 15.24 cm x 16.51 cm (6 inches X 6.5 square inches) than containers 30 in FIGURES 4-6 and / or the solid construction of the bottom portion. The height / width architecture of the referred air circulation pots was observed to produce a finished tree with a short root and a heavily entangled portion of bottom roots that would be considered unacceptable for planting in the field. In a different way, that of
42/58 root development in the 10.16 cm x 35.56 cm (4x14) pots with air circulation as shown in FIGURES 4-6 was evenly distributed across the soil matrix.
Examples of Application to Other Plants [00163] As described above, aspects of the present invention, including containers 10, 30, 40, soil mixtures, and / or methods described above, can be applied to germination and / or the development of other plants. Some examples of such plants include, without limitation, apple trees, coconut trees, cashew trees, mango trees, and berry plants, such as blackberry, raspberry, and blueberry, as well as others. The use of containers 10, 30, 40, soil mixtures, and / or methods described above can achieve a reduction in the number of days to produce an apple, coconut, or finished cashew tree seedling ready to transplant to the locations in the field. It is understood that certain aspects can be modified or adapted for use with each of these types of plants. Said examples are described in more detail below.
- apple tree [00164] Commercial apple production, including the production of Vermelho and Golden Delicious, is typically derived from rootstocks of clones grafted onto high vigor shoots. The use of dwarf rootstocks combined with high density planting (eg 750 - 1,000 trees per acre) and trellis culture has revolutionized apple production. Examples of rootstocks that are often used successfully in the apple industry include several hybrid rootstocks Malling or Malling-Merton, such as Malling M.9, Malling M.26, Malling MM.106, and Malling G.16 (G.5-A). These rootstocks show good compatibility with a wide range of sprout selections. The budding of rootstocks
Apple 43/58 can be performed using any of the following graft methods: 1) lash and tongue graft, 2) lash graft, 3) T-budding, and 4) splintering. Graft is generally performed during the dormancy period and must be performed on the latent shoots and plant material rootstocks. In common with citrus nursery methods, advanced apple nurseries often use T-budding to produce finished trees with high vigor. T-budding can be carried out in both summer months (the June budding) and in the winter months (the latent budding). The two budding seasons can indeed accelerate the spread of desirable apple cultivars. After the inserted sprout has sprouted, sprouted rootstocks can be placed in one-gallon containers that contain a well-drained soil mix. In order to speed up the plantation fields and the first fruit yields, many commercially sprouted trees are planted directly at the final field location without a culture container in the nursery. The production of apple grafts in containers commonly uses one- and two-gallon containers without side vents. The pots are typically filled with simple mixtures of sand, peat, and pearlite. Most commercial apple nurseries sell grafted bare-root trees that are bagged in moist peat bog.
[00165] Air-circulating pots, such as containers 10, 30, 40 described above, can be used to accelerate root production in apple rootstocks, including dwarf rootstocks specifically for high density cultivation. Customized soil mixes, as described above, can also be used to increase root development. The root development of apple seedlings is characterized by the development of a moderate main root with the aggressive development of secondary roots to form a fibrous root sphere. In a modalida
44/58, containers as described above that are at least one gallon in capacity can be used to support the rapid secondary development of the root of finished apple trees. The pot architecture of about 15.24 cm - 20.32 cm (6-8 inches) in diameter and 30.48 cm (12 inches) in height can support root development for a period of 12-16 months. Soil mixtures as described above, including peat, coconut nut, and perlite mixed with a slow-release fertilizer containing micronutrients can also be used. The addition of humic acid to the soil mixture can be beneficial in protecting the secondary root tips from fungi and bacterial infection. Adjusting the pH of the soil to pH 6.0 can be beneficial in facilitating the capture of micronutrients when developing roots. It is understood that additives and components of said mixtures can be adjusted as necessary.
[00166] The methods described above, using containers 10, 30, 40 and / or soil mixtures described above, can also be adapted for use in the germination and / or development of the apple tree. Open hydroponic systems and in-line fertigation can be used in connection with such development methods, which can result in trees that have stronger root systems for rapid uptake of NPK and micronutrients. Trellis culture methods and pest management programs can also be used. Trees can be transplanted in different containers or in the field at different stages, as described above. For example, trees can be grown in containers for a season and then moved into the field in one way. It is understood that various aspects of the method, soil, and / or containers can be adjusted for apple production.
- The coconut tree
45/58 [00167] Coconut trees are generally developed in tropical areas. The coconut tree is propagated entirely by seed. Nuts from fully mature trees are collected when they still contain liquid endosperm (coconut water). Nuts are arranged on their sides and buried halfway through the depth of the nut. Nuts can be germinated in prepared seedbeds or in containers, and can be germinated in containers as described above. Germination can be carried out, in one example, at temperatures of about 90-100 ° ³ . With germination, the branch and root emerge through the side or one end of the nut. Young palm trees, about 6 months old, can be transplanted directly into the field or in larger containers to be developed for one to two years before transplanting. Coconut varieties can be selected for their tolerance to the Lethal Yellow virus disease. For example, the Malayan dwarf coconut tree is tolerant of Yellow Lethal disease. The dwarf coconut tree Fiji Dwarf (or Niu Leka) is also tolerant to Yellow Lethal disease, and is a slow-growing variety that produces a large percentage of off-type seedlings in nursery production.
[00168] The coconut tree can be successfully developed on sandy coasts or on land in frost-free areas. The coconut tree tolerates a wide range of soil types and soil pH values, from pH 5.0 - 8.0, which provides well-drained soils. Successful culture is best performed at a minimum average temperature of 72 ° ³ and annual rainfall of 30-50 inches or more. The coconut tree is tolerant of temporary flooding and must be developed in direct sunlight. The coconut tree is also tolerant of salt water, as well as salt air in plantations along the coast. New plants start to bear fruit in 6 years after planting the nursery stock developed by seed.
[00169] Containers 10, 30, 40 as described above can be
46/58 used for the production of coconut, including germination and / or development. It is thought that coconut root development may be dependent on hormone levels through root initiation and cell development. Containers 10, 30, 40 with air circulation holes, as described above, can significantly improve root hormone production at secondary root tips. For example, in one embodiment, a container 10, 30, 40 as described above can be used for the development of the coconut, having a diameter or 30.48 cm - 45.72 cm (12-18 inches) or a periphery of 30 , 48 cm - 45.72 cm (12-18 inches) square, with a height of 25.4 cm - 35.56 cm (10-14 inches) and a volume of 3-5 gallons. Soil mixtures as described above, which can be soil mixes based on coconut nut, can also be used for coconut production. Coconut seedlings are highly susceptible to deficiencies of potassium, magnesium, manganese, and boron. Therefore, a slow-release fertilizer with micronutrients can be included in the soil mix to address any micronutrient deficiency in the soil, and to accelerate the total root development and secondary root formation. The addition of organic material (eg manure) to the soil mixture may not be necessary, but it can be used in one modality. Soils must be well drained, and pest management programs can be used. BioChar (a carbon additive) and soil pH adjustments (eg limestone, gypsum) can also be beneficial. In one embodiment, BioChar can be added to a coefficient of 2-2.3 kg (5 pounds) / cubic yard of soil mix from the container. It is understood that additives and components of said mixtures can be adjusted as necessary.
[00170] The methods described above, using containers 10, 30, 40 and / or soil mixtures described above, can also be the
47/58 suitable for use in germination and / or development of coconut palm. Seedlings developed in containers can be advantageously planted at the same depth as those developed in a nursery. Supplementary irrigation / fertigation can also be used. Trees are typically planted at a distance of 5.48 meters to 9.14 meters (18 to 30 feet) away. High density planting should avoid shade from tree to tree in the row. Plants can be moved from containers for planting in the field in approximately 6 months after transplanting from the germination of the seed bed. It is understood that various aspects of the method, soil, and / or containers can be adjusted for the production of coconut.
- fell tree [00171] Cashew trees are relatively drought-tolerant, but thrive in tropical development environments, and generally require a frost-free climate. Cashew trees are well adapted to many well-drained soil types that include not only light sands but also calcareous soils, but thrive best in well-drained sandy soils with a pH of 4.5 to 6.5. Cashew is typically propagated by seed. Fresh seeds can be planted in well-drained soil at a depth of 5-10 cm and typically germinate in 1-2 weeks after sowing. Seedlings can be transplanted when they are 20-50 cm tall, typically 4-8 weeks after seed germination. Cashew can also be propagated by grafting, inarching, or air lodging. Graft methods similar to those used to propagate citrus can also be used to propagate cashew trees. Seedlings are typically grown in containers. Careful selection of young budded branches can improve the spread of the tree, and clones of proven fruit yield and vigor would be selected as the young budded branches. Grafted trees typically support fruit
48/58 in 2-3 years while the seed stock developed in a nursery supports fruit in 5-6 years after planting the seed. The youthful period for the developed cashew seeds is similar to that of the developed citrus seeds. The development of the cashew seedling is characterized by a strong development of the main root. Main root development continues after trees are planted in the field and long-term productivity is determined by main root balance and lateral root formation. Cashew can be grown in high-density plantations but care must be taken not to over-plant trees, which can result in root competition between trees and loss of productivity.
[00172] Containers 10, 30, 40 as described above can be used for the production of cashew tree, including germination and / or development. The containers 10, 30, 40 used can be the same size or similar sizes to those described above for use in germination and / or citrus plant development. Soil mixtures as described above, which can be mixtures of coconut nut based soil, can also be used for the production of coconut. Containers 10, 30, 40 and / or soil mixtures can promote the formation of the main root and the formation of a secondary root in cashew trees in a culture container. This, in turn, can achieve a reduction in the number of days to produce a finished tree seedling ready to transplant to the field location (s). Adjusting the pH of the soil to around 6.0 to 6.5 can be advantageous to promote rapid and healthy root development of seed germination. For the development of seedlings, adjusting the pH of the soil to around 5.0 to 6.0 can be advantageous. Cashew trees, particularly if grown on alkaline limestone soils, can develop micronutrient deficiencies, including iron, zinc, and manganese. The incorporation of organic matter and / or BioChar in the soil mixture can
49/58 also be useful. Soil drainage and pest management programs can also be used.
[00173] The methods described above, using containers 10, 30, 40 and / or soil mixtures described above, can also be adapted for use in germination and / or cashew tree development. Nursery cashew production can follow much of the same methods as those for the production of citrus rootstocks. Plants can be ready for grafting in one season or less, and can be moved from containers for planting in the field in two years or less. Mature trees may need pruning to keep sunlight from penetrating the trees to develop large, strong crowns. It is understood that various aspects of the method, soil, and / or containers can be adjusted for the production of cashew.
- Berry plants [00174] Berry plants, such as blackberry, raspberry, and blueberry, have a wide range of robustness to freezing that allows specific cultivars to be developed in a wide variety of climates. As an example, the following blackberry cultivars are commonly developed in the United States:
Grow crops
More cold resistant Kiowa
Arapaho
Shawnee
Navaho
Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Arkansas, Missouri
Illinois, Nebraska, Ohio, Kentucky, Arkansas
Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia
Virginia, Maryland, Delaware,
North Carolina
50/58
Chickasaw N-S Carolina, Delaware, Maryland, Arkansas
Less cold resistant Apache Georgia, North Florida, Mississippi, Alabama [00175] Berries are generally propagated by vegetative cuts that include: 1) leafy stem cuts, 2) root cuts, 3) suckering, and 4) stratification tip . Conventional methods of grafting buds to a rootstock are generally not used. For each development region, it is important to choose cultivars that are well suited to the local development environment. Not only for domestic gardens but also for commercial planting, rooted berry plants are acquired from nurseries in the winter months while the plants are dormant. Dormant plants can be kept under cool conditions until they can be planted in early spring. The choice of cultivar can be influenced by the particular development environment of the test field (s). These selections would be propagated vegetatively during the summer months to plant in the following spring.
[00176] Berries typically show fibrous root development habits. Root systems of young plants are very delicate and easily damaged and / or exterminated during fertilization. Many berry nurseries use only organic compounds in their soil mixtures to prevent fertilizer damage to newly propagated plants. Most of the berries are propagated in shallow planes filled with a clay soil, rich in organic matter. Rooted cuttings are transferred to individual pots for development in finished plants ready to transplant to locations in the field or in home gardens. Enhancing cuts
51/58 nursery berry propagation can be accomplished through the use of air circulation pots, such as containers 10, 30, 40 described above, to increase secondary root development to produce strong plants. In one embodiment, a container for growing berry plants can be a shallow pot with a diameter of 20.32 cm to 48 cm (8-12 inches) and a height of 10.16 cm to 15.24 cm (4 -6 inches), due to its fibrous root systems. Said container can be a typical container or a container 10, 30, 40 as described above with said dimensions. Multiple cuts can be planted in a pot to create a flat community of cuts. After rooting, individual plants can be transplanted into air circulation vessels, such as containers 10, 30, 40 described above. In one embodiment, a container 10, 30, 40 as described above can be used for individual plants, with a diameter of 10.16 cm to 12.7 cm (4-5 inches) and a height of 10.16 cm to 15 , 24 cm (4-6 inches). The use of said container 10, 30, 40 can achieve a reduction in the number of days to produce finished plants ready for transplanting to the site (s) in the field (s). Rooted cuts can be developed for 68 months before moving to locations in the field.
[00177] Soil mixtures as described above can be used for berry propagation, and can significantly improve rooting and plant development. Soil mixtures containing coconut nut, peat, and cypress sawdust can be used in a modality, which can withstand the rapid penetration of the mixture into the soil by the delicate fibrous roots of the berry plants. Coconut nut and peat can also help to retain adequate moisture to support root development but also provide good drainage in the soil mix. In one embodiment, humic acid can be used to slow the microbial and limestone development of the
52/58 lomitic can be used to adjust the soil pH to about 5.5 - 6.5. Berry cuttings can benefit from a slow-release fertilizer to support root development without burning delicate root systems. The addition of micronutrients can be used in a modality to additionally support rapid root development through soil mixing. The same mixture or a similar soil mixture can be used not only for the long-term cultivation of enerated berry cortres but also for the rooting process. Additional slow-release fertilizer can be applied as a portion of topping cover, if necessary. In addition, the management of enerized berry cortres may include fungicides applied as soil treatments (eg Ridomil) to delay fungal infestation of Phytopthora soil. Fungicides applied to leaves can be used to control Anthracnose leaf spots in the nursery.
[00178] The methods described above, using containers 10, 30, 40 and / or soil mixtures described above, can also be adapted for use in berry plant development. Plants grown in containers can be transplanted into the field when ready. The spacing of plants in the field is dependent on the cultivar. In general, vertical cultivars can be spaced from 2 to 4 feet per row. Horizontal cultivars can be spaced from 3 to 5 feet per row. The rows are spaced from 10 to 15 feet between the rows, depending on the vigor of the plant and the limitations of the farm machinery. Organic matter (manure or compost), BioChar coal, and low nitrogen NPK + micronutrients can be incorporated in one modality, the berries typically require clayey soils rich in organic matter. Soils must be well drained with a pH value of 5.5 to 6.5. In highly alkaline soils, soil acidification can be accomplished using
53/58 gypsum and / or sulfur in the soil. Drip irrigation can also be used in place of superior irrigation, which can encourage the formation of fungal spots on the leaves, which reduces fruiting yield and plant vigor.
[00179] Improvement of commercial plants can be achieved through treatments with balanced NPK fertilizer to support the development of strong cane and maximum fruit yields. Over-application of nitrogen (urea) early in the development season can force poor cane / bush development which reduces fruit yield. Fertilizers applied to the soil can be applied 30.48 cm - 45.72 cm (12-18 inches) from the base of the plants to avoid burning the shallow and delicate root systems of most berries. The balanced application of manganese, zinc, iron, and boron can support strong sugarcane / bush development. The analysis of NPK leaf tissue and micronutrients can be performed, in order to keep all nutrients in proper balance. Potassium levels in leaf tissues should be monitored in the autumn season. If necessary, potassium line fertigation can be applied to maximize cold resistance of berry plants during the winter months. Horizontal berry cultivars can be developed using trellis culture with supplementary irrigation / fertigation. The selective pruning of the developed trellis canes can be used to promote the initiation of flowering buds. The selective pruning of berry arbusots also improves the air circulation between the canes / branches, which can reduce fungal infections that cause spots on the leaves and cause the branches to turn back. It is understood that various aspects of the method, soil, and / or the containers described above can be adjusted for the production of berry.
- Mango trees
54/58 [00180] Mango is a member of the same plant family as cashew and pistachio. Mangoes are typically developed in tropical and subtropical areas of the world that do not experience freezing temperatures. Mangoes do not acclimate to cold temperatures and all cultivars have similar cold sensitivity. Young trees can be exterminated at 29F to 30F. India produces approximately 65% of the commercial mango crop in the world, and Florida, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii have a small but locally important commercial mango industry.
[00181] Mango trees can be propagated by seed and grafting. Recent selections of Indochinese mango rootstocks have been propagating the mango tree greatly improved for domestic and commercial plantings. The Indochinese mango cultivars are particularly well suited as germplasm rootstocks as these selections produce polyembryonic seeds. Rootstock seedlings developed from polyembryonic seeds are genetically identical. Several new dwarf rootstocks have improved commercial fruit production on young trees (ages 3 - 5 years after planting) using high density planting configurations. Indochinese cultivars can be used in a modality for seed germination and propagation of rootstocks. In Florida, the following polyembryonic mango selections can be advantageous when used as rootstocks:
Florigon moderately resistant to leaf spot fungus Anthracnose
Saigon resistant to leaf spot fungus Anthracnose
Nam Doc Mai moderately susceptible to leaf spot fungus Anthracnose
Turpentine resistant to leaf spot fungus Anthracnose, tolerant
55/58 high pH in the soil [00182] The improvement of mango production in Florida can be achieved using cultivars that have shown excellent performance in the field when developed in South Florida. Several cultivars potentially beneficial to Florida's development environment include:
Tommy Atkins red / yellow fruit color, standard by which all cultivars are judged
Keitt fruit color pink / yellow, large size fruit, excellent quality fruit
Kent red / yellow fruit color, large size fruit, excellent productivity
Haden red / yellow fruit color, excellent fruit size and quality [00183] Graft is a reliable and economical method for propagating mango. A method known as veneer grafting is typically performed to produce finished grafted trees. Nursery managers in general produce mangoes grafted into culture containers using a simple Canadian turf / composted / perlite development medium. Mango is characterized as a main root formation tree. The use of containers that are at least 20.32 cm to 25.4 cm (8-10 inches) high can support the development of the main root during seedling development. Graft should be performed in the hottest months of the year with night temperatures above 18 ° C (64 ° F).
[00184] The use of air circulation pots, such as containers 10, 30, 40 as described above, can achieve the improved development and accelerate the development of the secondary mango root in rootstock seedlings. In one embodiment, a container 10, 30, 40 as described above can be used with a diameter
56/58 from 15.24 cm to 20.32 cm (6-8 inches) and a height of 30.48 cm to
35.56 cm (12-14 inches), which can accommodate the aggressive development of rootstock rootstock. In another embodiment, after grafting, a container 10, 30, 40 as described above can be used with a diameter of 20.32 cm to 30.48 cm (8-12 inches) and the height of at least 35.56 cm ( 14 inches). The use of said containers 10, 30, 40 can achieve a reduction in the number of days to produce finished trees ready to transplant to site (s) in the field.
[00185] Soil mixtures as described above can be used for the propagation of mangoes, and can significantly improve rooting and plant development. In one embodiment, the soil mixture may contain coconut, peat, pearlite, and cypress sawdust, along with a slow-release NPK micronutrient fertilizer. Adequate levels of micronutrients manganese, zinc, and iron contribute to healthy root cell division and cell development. Humic acid can also be added to the soil mixture to slow microbial growth in the medium. The pH of the soil mixture can be advantageously adjusted to about 6.0 - 7.0, such as by using dolomitic limestone.
[00186] The methods described above, using containers 10, 30, 40 and / or soil mixtures described above, can also be adapted for use in germinating the rootstock seed and / or in the development of a grafted tree. The seedlings can be developed for a period of 3-5 months before grafting. The trees can then be grafted using the veneer grafting method. After the grafted trees have summarized the vegetative development, the seedlings can be transferred to larger pots to facilitate the continued development of the central main root. The soil mix for long-term development can be
57/58 the same as for seed germination, with the addition of 20% cypress bark to delay the rupture of the development medium. The slow-release fertilizer cover with micronutrients can be used with grafted trees to accelerate tree development. Periodic treatments of commercial fungicides can be used for tree nursery to suppress Anthracnose leaf spot fungus contamination while trees are in the nursery.
[00187] High density spacing can be used for commercial mango planting to maximize fruit production on young trees (for example, 4-6 years after planting). Grafted nursery stock can be used in order to avoid problems of youthfulness in mango propagated by seed. Mango trees propagated by seed will typically not bear fruit until 6-8 years after planting while grafted trees will begin to bear fruit 3-5 years after planting. The sleeves are well adapted to many types of soil. Although mango trees are moderately tolerant of occasional flooding or excessively humid soil conditions, they may not perform well on poorly drained soil. Therefore, the soil must be well drained, and the underground drainage installation can be used on poorly drained soil. Typical mango crops are planted on a 9.14 m x 9.14 m (30 ft X 30 ft) plantar grid. Dwarf rootstocks can accommodate a high density of 4.52 m (15 feet) in a row X 7.62 m (25 feet) between rows of plantation configuration. Supplementary irrigation using either drip or micro-jet technologies can be advantageously used. In highly calcareous soils, the addition of BioChar coal, gypsum, and NPK + micronutrients can be beneficial. Long-term mango tree production can incorporate selective limb pruning
58/58 to manage the size and shape of the tree canopy, thereby reducing tree maintenance costs and greatly reducing the risk of damage to the tree from storms and / or hurricanes. It is understood that various aspects of the method, soil, and / or the containers described above can be adjusted for the production of mango.
[00188] Although specific modalities and examples have been described and illustrated here, it is understood that additional modalities and variations may exist within the scope and spirit of the present invention, and that the scope of the present invention is limited only by the claims. Also, although the terms top portion, bottom portion, side, and the like can be used in the present specification to describe the various features, examples and elements of the present invention, said terms are used here as a sense of convenience, for example , based on the example guidelines shown in the figures or the orientation during typical use. Additionally, the term plurality, as used here, indicates any number greater than one, either disjunctively or together, as necessary, up to an infinite number.

权利要求:
Claims (21)
[1]
1. Container, characterized by the fact that it comprises:
a side wall (11) defining an internal cavity (13) having an outermost peripheral dimension, the top portion (16) having an opening that provides access to the cavity and the bottom (12), with the depth defined between the top and the bottom, the cavity configured to contain a soil medium (14) and a plant (15) developing in the soil medium, in which the outermost peripheral dimension of the side wall portion is 2.54 cm wide 3.17 cm (1.0 to 1.25 inch) and a depth of 12.7 cm to 17.78 cm (5.0 to 7.0 inches) and a defined plurality of air circulation holes (17) inside the side wall and extending through the side wall, the air circulation holes being dispersed through the side wall.
[2]
2. Container, characterized by the fact that it comprises:
a side wall (31) defining an internal cavity (33) having an outermost peripheral dimension, the top portion (36) having an opening that provides access to the cavity and the bottom (32), with the depth defined between the top and the bottom, the cavity configured to contain a soil medium (34) and a plant (35) developing in the soil medium, which the outermost peripheral dimension of the side wall has a width of 10.16 cm to 15.24 cm (4.0 to 6.0 inches) and the depth of 30.48 cm to 35.56 cm (12.0 inches to 14.0 inches), a plurality of air circulation holes (37) defined within the side wall and extending through the side wall, the air circulation holes being dispersed through the side wall.
[3]
3. Container according to any one of the claims
Petition 870190001621, of 01/07/2019, p. 10/20
2/7 sections 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that the side wall is at least partially tapered and the width of the cavity reduced from the top towards the bottom, and the container is configured to contain the seed for germination to create the plant.
[4]
Container according to either of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the side wall has a width to depth ratio of 0.18 +/- 20%, based on the width of the outermost peripheral dimension.
[5]
Container according to either of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the bottom of the side wall is open, and a number of the air circulation holes are located around the bottom.
[6]
6. Container according to either of Claims 1 or 2, characterized in that at least some of the air circulation holes are circular.
[7]
7. Container according to either of claims 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that the soil medium (14, 34) comprises the following components within a range of + / 20% of the quantities listed:
40% peat, 30% coconut nut, and 30% cypress bark sawdust and where the soil medium comprises one or more of the following additives, with each additive having a range of + / 10% of the quantities listed:
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of dolomite limestone per finished yard;
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gypsum per finished yard;
1.8 kg (4 pounds) of micronutrients per finished yard;
[8]
8.4 kg (18.5 pounds) of humic acid per finished yard; and
4.5 kg (10 pounds) of slow-release NPK supplement per finished yard, with individual peat bog,
Petition 870190001621, of 01/07/2019, p. 11/20
3/7 co, and cypress bark sawdust are relative to the total amount of peat, coconut nut, and cypress bark sawdust in the soil.
8. Container according to either claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that the soil medium (14, 34) comprises the following components within a range of + / 20% of the listed quantities: 30% peat bog , 20% coconut nut, 20% cypress bark chips, and 20% cypress bark sawdust, and 10% perlite and where the soil medium comprises one or more of the following additives, with each additive having a range of + / 10% of the listed quantities:
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of dolomite limestone per finished yard;
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gypsum per finished yard;
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gross grade limestone per finished yard;
1.8 kg (4 pounds) of micronutrients per finished yard;
8.4 kg (18.5 pounds) of humic acid per finished yard; and
[9]
9.1 kg (20 pounds) of slow-release NPK supplement per finished yard, where the individual percentages of peatland, coconut nut, cypress bark chips, cypress bark and perlite bark are relative the total amount of peat, coconut nut, cypress bark chips, cypress bark sawdust and perlite in the soil.
Container according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the side wall additionally comprises the plurality of tubular structures (38) extending outwardly from the side wall, each tubular structure defining one of the holes of air circulation through it.
[10]
10. Container according to claim 9, characterized
Petition 870190001621, of 01/07/2019, p. 12/20
4/7 due to the fact that the side wall additionally comprises a plurality of projections (39) extending inwardly extending into the cavity, the projections being located between the tubular structures.
[11]
11. Container according to claim 10, characterized by the fact that the side wall has a width to depth ratio of 0.43 +/- 20%, based on the width of the outermost peripheral dimension.
[12]
12. Container according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the side wall is cylindrical in shape and the bottom of the side wall is open.
[13]
13. Container according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the depth of the side wall is 35.56 cm (14.0 inches) +/- 20%.
[14]
14. Container according to claim 13, characterized by the fact that the width of the side wall is 15.24 cm (6.0 inches) +/- 20%.
[15]
15. Container according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the side wall has a width to depth ratio of 0.43 +/- 20%, based on the width of the outermost peripheral dimension.
[16]
16. Set, characterized by the fact that it comprises a tray (21) and a plurality of containers (10, 30) as defined in any one of claims 1 to 15, connected to and supported by the tray, each of the containers contains a means of soil (14, 34) and a plant growing in the soil medium at least partially within the cavity.
[17]
17. Set, according to claim 16, characterized by the fact that the soil medium (14) at least partially fills the cavity, and a plant (15) grows in the soil medium,
Petition 870190001621, of 01/07/2019, p. 13/20
5/7 where the soil medium (14) comprises the following components within a range of +/- 20% of the listed quantities:
40% peat, 30% coconut nut, and 30% cypress bark sawdust and where the soil medium comprises one or more of the following additives, with each additive having a range of + / 10% of the quantities listed:
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of dolomite limestone per finished yard;
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gypsum per finished yard;
1.8 kg (4 pounds) of micronutrients per finished yard;
8.4 kg (18.5 pounds) of humic acid per finished yard; and
4.5 kg (10 pounds) of slow-release NPK supplement per finished yard, in which the individual percentages of peat, coconut nut, and cypress bark sawdust are relative to the total amount of peat, coconut nut, and cypress bark sawdust in the soil.
[18]
18. Set according to claim 16, characterized by the fact that the soil medium (34) at least partially fills the cavity, and a plant (35) grows in the soil medium, in which the soil medium (34) ) comprises the following components within a range of +/- 20% of the quantities listed:
30% peat bog, 20% coconut nut, 20% cypress bark shavings, 20% cypress bark sawdust, and 10% perlite and where the soil medium comprises one or more of the following additives , with each additive having a range of +/- 10% of the quantities listed:
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of dolomite limestone per finished yard;
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gypsum per finished yard;
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gross grade limestone per finished yard;
Petition 870190001621, of 01/07/2019, p. 14/20
6/7
1.8 kg (4 pounds) of micronutrients per finished yard;
8.4 kg (18.5 pounds) of humic acid per finished yard; and
9.1 kg (20 pounds) of slow-release NPK supplement per finished yard, where the individual percentages of peatland, coconut nut, cypress bark chips, cypress bark and perlite bark are relative the total amount of peat, coconut nut, cypress bark chips, cypress bark sawdust and perlite in the soil.
[19]
19. The method, characterized in that it comprises: providing a container (10, 30) as defined in any one of claims 1 to 6 and 9 to 15;
arranging a soil means (14, 34) within the cavity of the container; and arranging a seed within the soil medium, where the seed germinates to produce a plant (15, 35) growing in the soil medium.
[20]
20. Method, according to claim 19, characterized by the fact that the soil medium comprises the following components within a range of +/- 20% of the listed quantities:
40% peat, 30% coconut nut, and 30% cypress bark sawdust and where the soil medium comprises one or more of the following additives, with each additive having a range of + / 10% of the quantities listed:
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of dolomite limestone per finished yard;
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gypsum per finished yard;
1.8 kg (4 pounds) of micronutrients per finished yard;
8.4 kg (18.5 pounds) of humic acid per finished yard; and
4.5 kg (10 pounds) of slow-release NPK supplement per finished yard,
Petition 870190001621, of 01/07/2019, p. 15/20
7/7 where the individual percentages of peat, coconut nut, and cypress bark sawdust are relative to the total amount of peat, coconut nut, and cypress bark sawdust in the soil.
[21]
21. Method, according to claim 19, characterized by the fact that the soil medium comprises the following components within a range of +/- 20% of the listed quantities: 30% peat, 20% coconut nut, 20% cypress bark chips, and 20% cypress bark sawdust, and 10% perlite and where the soil medium comprises one or more of the following additives, with each additive having a range of +/- 10% of the quantities listed:
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of dolomite limestone per finished yard;
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gypsum per finished yard;
2.3 kg (5 pounds) of gross grade limestone per finished yard;
1.8 kg (4 pounds) of micronutrients per finished yard;
8.4 kg (18.5 pounds) of humic acid per finished yard; and
9.1 kg (20 pounds) of slow-release NPK supplement per finished yard, where the individual percentages of peatland, coconut nut, cypress bark chips, cypress bark and perlite bark are relative the total amount of peat, coconut nut, cypress bark chips, cypress bark sawdust and perlite in the soil.

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同族专利:

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公开号 | 公开日

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JP2015504663A|2015-02-16|

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EP2793548A1|2014-10-29|

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BR112014015347A2|2017-06-13|

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CN104202961B|2017-12-12|

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MX354235B|2018-02-19|

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BR112014015347A8|2017-06-13|

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AU2016204022A1|2016-07-07|

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CN107691210A|2018-02-16|

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MX2014007017A|2014-07-14|

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CA2858075A1|2013-06-27|

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RU2571338C1|2015-12-20|

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WO2013096849A1|2013-06-27|

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US20130160361A1|2013-06-27|

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JP5864777B2|2016-02-17|

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CA2858075C|2019-03-05|

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AU2012358250B2|2016-04-28|

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AU2012358250A1|2014-06-19|

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IN2014CN04810A|2015-09-18|

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CN104202961A|2014-12-10|

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JP6146749B2|2017-06-14|

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JP2016073308A|2016-05-12|

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法律状态:
2018-03-27| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|

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2018-09-18| B15K| Others concerning applications: alteration of classification|Free format text: AS CLASSIFICACOES ANTERIORES ERAM: A01G 1/00 , A01G 9/02 Ipc: A01G 9/029 (2018.01), A01G 24/23 (2018.01), A01G 2 |

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2018-10-09| B07A| Application suspended after technical examination (opinion) [chapter 7.1 patent gazette]|

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2019-03-19| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|

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2019-05-21| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 21/12/2012, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. (CO) 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 21/12/2012, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS |

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2021-10-13| B21F| Lapse acc. art. 78, item iv - on non-payment of the annual fees in time|Free format text: REFERENTE A 9A ANUIDADE. |

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2022-02-01| B24J| Lapse because of non-payment of annual fees (definitively: art 78 iv lpi, resolution 113/2013 art. 12)|Free format text: EM VIRTUDE DA EXTINCAO PUBLICADA NA RPI 2649 DE 13-10-2021 E CONSIDERANDO AUSENCIA DE MANIFESTACAO DENTRO DOS PRAZOS LEGAIS, INFORMO QUE CABE SER MANTIDA A EXTINCAO DA PATENTE E SEUS CERTIFICADOS, CONFORME O DISPOSTO NO ARTIGO 12, DA RESOLUCAO 113/2013. |

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US201161579938P| true| 2011-12-23|2011-12-23|

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US61/579,938|2011-12-23|

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PCT/US2012/071396|WO2013096849A1|2011-12-23|2012-12-21|Container, soil blend, and method of growing plants|

---